django/tonado/flask/bottle
Django，Flask，Tornado(facebook)，Bottle，Butterfly 简单比较
一：常用请求参数的接收
Django
Tornado
Flask
Butterfly
get 请求
post 请求
Bottle
高级用法
二：常用请求方式的区分
Django
Tornado
Flask
Butterfly
三：静态文件和网页模板的处理
Django
Tornado
Flask
bottle
Butterfly
四：模板语法操作
Django
Tornado
Flask
Butterfly
五：Handler 处理函数的返回值
Django
Butterfly
六：WSGI 处理
Django
Bottle
七 启动入口
Bottle
八 访问日志
bottle
一：常用请求参数的接收
Django
request.GET/POSTTornado
self.get_query_argument()/get_query_arguments()
self.get_body_argument()/get_body_arguments()
self.get_argument()/get_arguments()Flask
request.args.get('key')
request.form.get(;key')Butterfly
放在函数的参数列表中 如下面示例中 str_info, 即为请求参数：
get 请求
get 请求的参数和 handler 函数的参数保持一致 (req 后面的参数）
如请求 http://ip:port/hello?str_info=happy 会将 happy 传到 hello 函数中
def hello(req, str_info):
isinstance(req, Request)
return retstat.OK, {"str_info": str_info}, [(__info__, __version__)]post 请求
httpgateway.read_wsgi_post(req.wsgienv)Bottle
def route(self, path=None, method='GET', callback=None, name=None, apply=None, skip=None, **config)
if callable(path):
path, callback = None, path
plugins = makelist(apply)
skiplist = makelist(skip)
def decorator(callback):
for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
for verb in makelist(method):
verb = verb.upper()
cfg = dict(rule=rule, method=verb, callback=callback,
name=name, app=self, config=config,
apply=plugins, skip=skiplist)
self.routes.append(cfg)
cfg['id'] = self.routes.index(cfg)
self.router.add(rule, verb, cfg['id'], name=name)
if DEBUG:
self.ccache[cfg['id']] = self._build_callback(cfg)
return callback
return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator静态路由, 默认是 GET 请求
#/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
from bottle import route, run
# 定义路由，即浏览器访问的url
@route('/start)
def start():
return " <h1>hello, this is my first bottleprocess</h1>"
# 开启服务，端口是 8000，授受任何 IP 地址访问
run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8000) 动态路由 -- 动态路由就是可以用 url 传递不同的内容或参数到网页上
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding=utf-8
from bottle import route,run
@route('/start/<sth>')
def start(sth):
return "<h1>hello, this is my %s bottleprocess</h1>" % sth
run(host='0.0.0.0',port=8000)高级用法
二：常用请求方式的区分
Django
通过 request.method == "GET" / "POST"进行视图函数中不同请求方式的处理区分
同样可以通过装饰器注解方式：@require_POST @require_GET 方式指定视图函数只能接收那种请求方式Tornado
可以通过直接重写父类 RequestHandler 中的 get/post/.. 的请求处理方法来实现不同的请求方式的区分Flask
通过路由装饰器注解的 methods 属性来指定视图处理函数可以接收那种请求方式
@app.route("/", methods=["get", "post"..])Butterfly
可以通过 req.method == "GET" / "POST" 来区分是 Get 请求还是 POST 请求备注
Butterfly 在注册路由的时候，如果 is_parse_post 为 True , 则会解析 post 包是否为 json ，并将对应的数据传给后端 handler 中三：静态文件和网页模板的处理
Django
子模块应用：templates/ 默认保存网页模板；static/ 默认保存静态资源；不需要配置
根项目：settings.py 中通过 TEMPLATES>DIRS 配置网页模板文件夹，通过 STATICFILES_DIRS 配置静态资源文件夹Django response
+------------------------------+
|HttpResponseBase(six.Iterator)|
+------------------------------+
|
|--------------------+------------------------|
+-----------------+---------------------+ +-----------------+------------+
|StreamingHttpResponse(HttpResponseBase)| |HttpResponse(HttpResponseBase)|
+---------------------------------------+ +------------------------------+
| |||||||| |
V |||||||| V
+---------------------------------------+ |||||||| +---------------------------------------------------------+
|FileResponse(StreamingHttpResponse) | |||||||| |HttpResponseRedirectBase(HttpResponse) |
+---------------------------------------+ |||||||| +---------------------------------------------------------+
|||||||| ||
|||||||| |V
|||||||| |+------------------------------------------------------+
|||||||| ||HttpResponseRedirect(HttpResponseRedirectBase)-----302|
|||||||| |+------------------------------------------------------+
V||||||| V
+---------------------------------------------+||||||| +-------------------------------------------------------+
|HttpResponseNotModified(HttpResponse) 304|||||||| |HttpResponsePermanentRedirect(HttpResponseRedirectBase)|
+---------------------------------------------+||||||| +-------------------------------------------------------+
V||||||
+----------------------------------------------+||||||
|HttpResponseBadRequest(HttpResponse) 400 |||||||
+----------------------------------------------+||||||
V|||||
+-----------------------------------------------+|||||
|HttpResponseNotFound(HttpResponse) 404 ||||||
+-----------------------------------------------+|||||
V||||
+------------------------------------------------+||||
|HttpResponseForbidden(HttpResponse) 403 |||||
+------------------------------------------------+||||
V|||
+-------------------------------------------------+|||
|HttpResponseNotAllowed(HttpResponse) 405 ||||
+-------------------------------------------------+|||
V||
+--------------------------------------------------+||
|HttpResponseGone(HttpResponse) 410 |||
+--------------------------------------------------+||
V|
+---------------------------------------------------+|
|HttpResponseServerError(HttpResponse) 500 ||
+---------------------------------------------------+|
V
+----------------------------------------------------+
|JsonResponse(HttpResponse) |
+----------------------------------------------------+Tornado
通过 tornado.web.Application 中的配置选项
template_path 配置网页模板文件夹位置，static_path 配置静态资源文件夹位置Flask
默认 templates/ 中保存网页模板；static/ 中保存静态资源，不需要配置模板渲染
渲染前的信号 before_render_template.send(app, template=template, context=context)
rv = template.render(context) # 模板渲染
渲染后的信号 template_rendered.send(app, template=template, context=context)bottle
from bottle import route
from bottle import run
from bottle import static_file
@route('/download/<filename:path>')
def download(filename):
return static_file(filename,root='/Users/wangbin34/test/',download=filename)
run(host='0.0.0.0',port=8080,debug=True)Butterfly
默认 templates/ 中保存网页模板；static/ 中保存静态资源，不需要配置四：模板语法操作
解释模型：解析产生一个数据结构表示模板的结构。渲染阶段遍历那个数据结构，基于找到的指令装配结果文本。
编译模型：解析产生某种形式的可直接执行的代码（比如将模板解析成一个 python 函数）。渲染阶段执行那个代码，产生结果。
Django
默认使用自己的模板语法：Django Template Language:DTL 语法
模板引擎使用解释模型Tornado
默认使用 jinja 模板语法：~经过一定改造的模板语法
模板引擎使用编译模型Flask
默认使用第三方的 jinja2 模板语法，是在 DTL 语法的基础上完善的一种专门给 python 使用的模板语法
模板引擎使用编译模型Butterfly
模板引擎使用编译模型
当然，Butterfly 推荐直接使用 Angularjs 框架五：Handler 处理函数的返回值
Handler 的返回值就是程序的状态码 / 响应包 body/ 响应包 Header 三个部分
Django
from django.http import JsonResponse, HttpResponse
-----django.http package
from django.http.response import (
BadHeaderError, FileResponse, Http404, HttpResponse,
HttpResponseBadRequest, HttpResponseForbidden, HttpResponseGone,
HttpResponseNotAllowed, HttpResponseNotFound, HttpResponseNotModified,
HttpResponsePermanentRedirect, HttpResponseRedirect,
HttpResponseServerError, JsonResponse, StreamingHttpResponse,
)Butterfly
return retstat.OK, {"randstr": randstr}, [(__info__, __version__)]
> httpstatus: 必须有
> content: 非必须（当返回值为 2 个的时候，第 2 个返回值为 Content)
> headers: 非必须（当返回值为 3 个的时候，第 3 个返回值为 headers)六：WSGI 处理
Django
位置
django/core/handlers/wsgi.py代码
class WSGIHandler(base.BaseHandler):
request_class = WSGIRequest
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(WSGIHandler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.load_middleware()
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
set_script_prefix(get_script_name(environ))
signals.request_started.send(sender=self.__class__, environ=environ)
request = self.request_class(environ)
response = self.get_response(request)
response._handler_class = self.__class__
status = '%d %s' % (response.status_code, response.reason_phrase)
response_headers = [(str(k), str(v)) for k, v in response.items()]
for c in response.cookies.values():
response_headers.append((str('Set-Cookie'), str(c.output(header=''))))
start_response(force_str(status), response_headers)
if getattr(response, 'file_to_stream', None) is not None and environ.get('wsgi.file_wrapper'):
response = environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](response.file_to_stream)
return responseBottle
def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
""" The bottle WSGI-interface. """
try:
out = self._cast(self._handle(environ))
# rfc2616 section 4.3
if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304) or environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
out = []
start_response(response._status_line, response.headerlist)
return out
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
raise
except Exception as E:
if not self.catchall: raise
err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1> ' % html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
if DEBUG:
err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
'<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
% (html_escape(repr(E)), html_escape(format_exc()))
environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
environ['wsgi.errors'].flush()
headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers, sys.exc_info())
return [tob(err)]处理 handle
def _handle(self, environ):
...
try:
self.trigger_hook('before_request') --------------------before_request
route, args = self.router.match(environ)
...
out = route.call(**args)
break
except HTTPResponse as E:
out = E
break
except RouteReset:
depr(0, 13, "RouteReset exception deprecated",
"Call route.call() after route.reset() and "
"return the result.")
route.reset()
continue
finally:
self.trigger_hook('after_request')------------------after_request七 启动入口
Bottle
def run(app=None,
server='wsgiref',
host='127.0.0.1',
port=8080,
interval=1,
reloader=False,
quiet=False,
plugins=None,
debug=None,
config=None,
**kargs):
""" Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
:param app: WSGI application or target string supported by :func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
:param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass. (default: `wsgiref`)
:param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
:param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root privileges. (default: 8080)
:param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
:param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
:param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
:param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
"""Bottle 的 Server Adapters 简直可以说是 WSGI Server 的博览会，从这里您可以了解目前比较流行的 WSGI 实现
flup
wsgiref
cherrypy
paste
fapws3
tornado
Google Appengine
twisted
diesel
meinheld
gunicorn
eventlet
gevent
rocket例子
from bottle import route, run
@route('/hello')
def hello():
return "Hello World!"
run(host='localhost', port=8080, debug=True)八 访问日志
bottle
import datetime
@bottle.hook('after_request')
def log_after_request():
msg = '{ip} - - [{time}] "{method} {uri} {protocol}" {status}'.format(
ip=bottle.request.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR'),
time=datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'),
method=bottle.request.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD'),
uri=bottle.request.environ.get('PATH_INFO'),
protocol=bottle.request.environ.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL'),
status=bottle.response.status_code,
)
logger.info(msg)Last updated